Designing a Methodological Framework for Assessing Teacher Readiness in Adaptive Curriculum Implementation within Indonesian Context

Authors

  • Zahid Zufar At Thaariq Cukurova University, Turkiye
  • Memet Karakuş Cukurova University, Turkiye

Keywords:

Adaptive Curriculum, Teacher Readiness, Mixed-Methods Research, Instrument Development, Indonesia’s Education

Abstract

Purpose: This methodological paper aims to design and theorize a comprehensive framework for assessing teacher readiness for adaptive curriculum implementation. It demonstrates the systematic development of a mixed-methods instrument, including a Likert-scale questionnaire and a semi-structured interview protocol, tailored to the Indonesian context.

Methodology: The mixed-methods approach guided the design of the instrument. A quantitative questionnaire was developed to measure the prevalence of readiness across five theoretically derived constructs. At the same time, a qualitative interview protocol was designed to explore the depth and nuance behind the quantitative findings. The constructs were derived from a robust synthesis of Reigeluth & Merrill's (1979) classes of instructional variables and Martin et al.'s (2020) adaptive learning model, reinterpreted through a "human-in-the-loop" lens for the Indonesian context.

Findings: The study presents a theoretically and contextually validated mixed-methods instrument that moves beyond ad-hoc questionnaires. The complementary quantitative and qualitative components ensure that the instrument captures both broad patterns and deep contextual insights, providing a holistic diagnostic tool with strong content and ecological validity.

Conclusion: This research provides a replicable mixed-methods framework for developing context-sensitive assessment tools in education. The resulting instrument provides policymakers and researchers with a valid means to assess teacher readiness through an approach that integrates statistical measurement with a rich qualitative understanding.

Value: This ultimately informs targeted interventions for the successful implementation of adaptive curricula in Indonesia and similar contexts.

References

Adewale, O. S., Agbonifo, O. C., Ibam, E. O., Makinde, A. I., Boyinbode, O. K., Ojokoh, B. A., Olabode, O., Omirin, M. S., & Olatunji, S. O. (2024). Design of a personalised adaptive ubiquitous learning system. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(1), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2084114

Altinyelken, H. K. (2010). Curriculum change in Uganda: Teacher perspectives on the new thematic curriculum. International Journal of Educational Development, 30(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2009.03.004

Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149

Brewer, M. B. (2000). Research design and issues of validity. In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 3–16). Cambridge University Press.

Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Christensen, R., & Knezek, G. (2017). Readiness for integrating mobile learning in the classroom: Challenges, preferences and possibilities. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.014

Contrino, M. F., Reyes-Millán, M., Vázquez-Villegas, P., & Membrillo-Hernández, J. (2024). Using an adaptive learning tool to improve student performance and satisfaction in online and face-to-face education for a more personalized approach. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00292-y

Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. SAGE Publications.

DeVellis, R. F. (2012). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. SAGE.

DeVellis, R. F., & Thorpe, C. T. (2021). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. SAGE Publications.

Fetters, M. D. (2020). The Mixed Methods Research Workbook: Activities for Designing, Implementing, and Publishing Projects. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Hasriani, H., Yanto, Y., Mayaputri, V., & Mahendra, O. (2024). A study on teacher’s obstacles in implementing the Kurikulum Merdeka at elementary school. Journal of Professional Teacher Education, 2(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.12928/jprotect.v2i2.1109

Haynes, S. N., Richard, D. C. S., & Kubany, E. S. (1995). Content validity in psychological assessment: A functional approach to concepts and methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.238

Isaeva, R., Karasartova, N., Dznunusnalieva, K., Mirzoeva, K., & Mokliuk, M. (2025). Enhancing Learning Effectiveness through Adaptive Learning Platforms and Emerging Computer Technologies in Education. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi, 9(1), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.22437/jiituj.v9i1.37967

Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., & Pal, D. K. (2015). Likert scale: Explored and explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 7(4), 396.

Langoday, Y. R., Nurrahma, N., & Rijal, S. (2024). Policy Reflection: Kurikulum Merdeka as Educational Innovation in the Era of Society 5.0. Edunesia : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 5(2), 957–978. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v5i2.915

Lautensach, A. K. (2021). Localization and globalization of core adaptive knowledge. In Knowledge For The Anthropocene (pp. 107–118). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Mahadewi, L. P. P., Wibawa, B., & Syahrial, Z. (2025). Configuring culturally relevant e-adaptive learning design to facilitate students’ digital communication skills acquisition. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i4.7783

Mario, L. (2025). Personalization of Learning through Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of Adaptive Models in Digital Education. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(30s), 836–846. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i30s.4922

Martin, F., Chen, Y., Moore, R. L., & Westine, C. D. (2020). Systematic review of adaptive learning research designs, context, strategies, and technologies from 2009 to 2018. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(4), 1903–1929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09793-2

Moltudal, S. H., Krumsvik, R. J., & Høydal, K. L. (2022). Adaptive Learning Technology in Primary Education: Implications for Professional Teacher Knowledge and Classroom Management. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.830536

Nadrah, N. (2023). Implementation Of The Kurikulum Merdeka At The Senior High School. International Journal Of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v3i3.634

Nursaputri, E. R., & Sabat, Y. (2023). Kindergarten Teachers’ Readiness in Implementing Kurikulum Merdeka. Academy of Education Journal, 14(2), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.47200/aoej.v14i2.1715

Nurtanto, M., Nawanksari, S., Sutrisno, V. L. P., Syahrudin, H., Kholifah, N., Rohmantoro, D., Utami, I. S., Mutohhari, F., & Hamid, M. A. (2025). Determinants of behavioral intentions and their impact on student performance in the use of AI technology in higher education in Indonesia: A SEM-PLS analysis based on TPB, UTAUT, and TAM frameworks. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101638

Peng, H., Ma, S., & Spector, J. M. (2019). Personalized Adaptive Learning: An Emerging Pedagogical Approach Enabled by a Smart Learning Environment. In M. Chang, E. Popescu, Kinshuk, N.-S. Chen, M. Jemni, R. Huang, J. M. Spector, & D. G. Sampson (Eds.), Foundations and Trends in Smart Learning (pp. 171–176). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6908-7_24

Plooy, E. du, Casteleijn, D., & Franzsen, D. (2024). Personalized adaptive learning in higher education: A scoping review of key characteristics and impact on academic performance and engagement. Heliyon, 10(21). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39630

Popa, S. (2024). Reflections on curriculum and learning imperatives in a changing world. PROSPECTS, 54(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-024-09689-6

Priatmoko, S., Santoso, A., Dewi, R. S. I., & Sugiri, W. A. (2024). Examining Teachers’ Readiness to Implement the Kurikulum Merdeka in the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Context. Al-Bidayah : Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Islam, 16(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.14421/al-bidayah.v16i1.9572

Ramdani, Z., Kembara, M. D., Alhapip, L., Amri, A., Warsihna, J., & Anas, Z. (2021). Teachers’ Perception and Readiness Towards Adaptive Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Thematical Content Analysis Study. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(2), 1383–1393. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i2.915

Reigeluth, C. M. (Ed.). (1983). Instructional Design Theories and Models: An Overview of Their Current Status. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203824283

Reigeluth, C. M., & Merrill, M. D. (1979). Classes of Instructional Variables. Educational Technology, 19(3), 5–24.

Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data. SAGE Publications, Inc.

Samoff, J. (1999). Education sector analysis in Africa: Limited national control and even less national ownership. International Journal of Educational Development, 19(4), 249–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-0593(99)00028-0

Sarwar, S., Qayyum, Z. U., García-Castro, R., Safyan, M., & Munir, R. F. (2019). Ontology based E-learning framework: A personalized, adaptive and context aware model. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 78(24), 34745–34771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-08125-8

Scherer, R., Howard, S. K., Tondeur, J., & Siddiq, F. (2021). Profiling teachers’ readiness for online teaching and learning in higher education: Who’s ready? Computers in Human Behavior, 118, 106675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106675

Selwyn, N., & Facer, K. (2013). The Politics of Education and Technology: Conflicts, Controversies, and Connections. Springer.

Shemshack, A., Kinshuk, & Spector, J. M. (2021). A comprehensive analysis of personalized learning components. Journal of Computers in Education, 8(4), 485–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-021-00188-7

Shute, V., & Towle, B. (2018). Adaptive E-Learning. In Aptitude. Routledge.

Simon, P. D., & Zeng, L. M. (2024). Behind the Scenes of Adaptive Learning: A Scoping Review of Teachers’ Perspectives on the Use of Adaptive Learning Technologies. Education Sciences, 14(12), 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121413

Strielkowski, W., Grebennikova, V., Lisovskiy, A., Rakhimova, G., & Vasileva, T. (2025). AI-driven adaptive learning for sustainable educational transformation. Sustainable Development, 33(2), 1921–1947. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3221

Supianto, Marmoah, S., Poerwanti, J. I. S., Istiyati, S., Sukarno, & Mahfud, H. (2024). Exploring teacher acceptance of the merdeka curriculum in Indonesia: A diffusion of innovation analysis. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 6(12). https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2024267

Tabulawa, R. (2013). Teaching and Learning in Context: Why Pedagogical Reforms Fail in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Books Collective.

Thaariq, Z. Z. A. (2023). Karakteristik Siswa dan Guru dalam Pembelajaran Adaptif di SMP Wahid Hasyim [Thesis]. Universitas Negeri Malang.

Thaariq, Z. Z. A. (2025). Bridging Theory and Context: An Integrative Review for Developing an Adaptive Curriculum Framework in Indonesia [Unpublished manuscript].

Thaariq, Z. Z. A., & Wedi, A. (2020). Model Adaptive Blended Curriculum (ABC) sebagai Inovasi Kurikulum dalam Upaya Mendukung Pemerataan Pendidikan. Jurnal Kiprah, 8(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.31629/kiprah.v8i2.2002

Thana, P. M., & Ramli, R. B. (2024). Implementation of Kurikulum Merdeka in Terms of Teachers’ Ability to Develop Lesson Plans. PEDAGOGIKA: Jurnal Pedagogik Dan Dinamika Pendidikan, 12(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.30598/pedagogikavol12issue1page43-51

Tomasouw, J., Marantika, J. E. R., Wenno, E. C., & Delzen, J. C. N. van. (2024). The Challenges of the Kurikulum Merdeka Implementation in 3T Area. KnE Social Sciences, 359–377. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v9i31.17598

Ulfa, S., Surahman, E., Fatawi, I., & Hirashima, T. (2024). Development of Adaptive Instructional Scaffolding on Online Forum Discussion to Improve Personalization in MOOCs Learning Environments. Journal of Educators Online, 21(3). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1427767

Vandewaetere, M., Desmet, P., & Clarebout, G. (2011). The contribution of learner characteristics in the development of computer-based adaptive learning environments. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.038

Vavrus, F., & Bartlett, L. (2013). Teaching in Tension: International Pedagogies, National Policies, and Teachers’ Practices in Tanzania. Springer Science & Business Media.

Wahyudi, I., Zakia, N., Anam, R. K., & Analistiani, A. (2024). Tantangan dan Peluang Implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Tarqiyatuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam Dan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, 3(2), 97–105. https://doi.org/10.36769/tarqiyatuna.v3i2.710

Wijayanti, D. M., Pramono, S. E., & Handoyo, E. (2024). Principal decision-making in implementing Merdeka Curriculum in elementary schools: A review. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(6), 4365–4373. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i6.28940

Published

2025-11-20

How to Cite

Thaariq, Z. Z. A., & Karakuş, M. . (2025). Designing a Methodological Framework for Assessing Teacher Readiness in Adaptive Curriculum Implementation within Indonesian Context. Journal of Curriculum and Learning Technologies (JCLT-Krisno), 1(2), 54-69. Retrieved from https://mail.journal.almaarif.ac.id/index.php/krisno/article/view/790